Anatomy
An ophthalmologist/ An eye specialist
An optician
The Eye
The Eyebrows les sourcils
The Eyelid/blepharon la paupière
The Eyelashes les cils
The Lachrymal glands
The Eyeball le globe oculaire
The Orbit/Socket
The Cornea
The Sclera : la sclérotique
The White of the eye
The Uvea : l’uvée
The Choroid
The Ciliary body
The Iris
The Pupil
The Retina
The Photoreceptors
The Rods les bâtonnets
The Cones
The Fovea : la fovéa centralis
The Macula
The Lens le cristallin
The Limbus le limbe
The Aqueous humour
The Conjunctiva
The Rectus
Sight
Vision
Visual field le champ visuel
Dilation la dilatation
Colour vision
Night vision vision de nuit
Visual acuity
Tears larmes
Shed tears verser des larmes
Useful verbs
Contract
Dilate
Focus
Accommodate
Lubricate lubrifier
Moisten humidifier
Blink cligner
Twitch se contracter
See
Look
Watch
Scan
Stare regarder fixement
Glare écarquiller les yeux
Gaze regarder dans le vide
Adduct
Clinical examination
Is your sight good?
Do you have any blurred vision? Voyez-vous flou?
Are you able to read? # Can you read?
Do you wear glasses?
How long have you had troubles with your eyes?
Did your sight fail gradually or suddenly?
Are you extremely sensitive to the light?
Do you have spots before your eyes? Voyez-vous des taches?
Did you receive a blow to your eye? Avez-vous reçu un coup?
Have you received a speck of dust in the eye? Avez-vous reçu une poussière?
Do your eyes burn? brûler
Do your eyes sting? piquer
Do your eyes itch? démanger
Physical examination
Take off your glasses
Hold your head still
Open your eyes as wide as you can
Look upwards /downwards
Keep looking straight into my eyes
Cover your right eye and fix the other straight ahead
I am going to do a fundus (un fond d’oeil)
Diseases
Stye : orgelet
Watery eyes les yeux embués
Myopia/short-sightedness
Short-sighted myope
Hyperopia/far-sightedness/long-sightedness
Astigmatism
Presbyopia
Presbytic
Cataract
Clouding of the lens opacité du crystallin
Ageing/aging
Glaucoma
Blindness cécité
Retina detachment décollement de rétine
Loss of vision
Age-related macula degeneration (ARMD) dégénérescence maculaire
Green red colour vision deficiency daltonisme
Scotoma
Conjunctivitis
Trachoma
Dust poussière
Corneal opacity
Blepharitis (inflammation of the eye-lid)
Tearing larmoiement
Keratitis
Myosis
Mydriasis
Nystagmus
Photophobia
Ptosis
Rubeosis iridis
Enophthalmos (deep eyes)
Drooping of the eyelid affaissement des paupières
Strabismus
Squint (Verb) loucher
Be cross-eyed loucher
Exercise:
1. When a patient refers to the white of the eye, she/he means:
a) the sclera
b) the lens
c) the cornea
d) the fovea
2. the lachrymal gland produces:
a) lactase
b) tears
c) mucus
d) spit
3. the yellow spot is:
a) the pupil
b) the choroids
c) the fovea
d) the optic nerve
4. the eye photoreceptors are:
a) rods and cones
b) the optic nerve
c) the iris
d) the visual cortex
5. to blink is to :
a) respond to dim light
b) lower the eye-lid
c) contract the lateral rectus
d) activate the lachrymal glands
Discussion:
Traditionally, eyesight problems are corrected with spectacles or contact lenses. In recent years, laser therapy has become a popular alternative. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this technique?
Case-reports
Question 1: Diagnosis of red eye.
Options:
A. Conjunctivitis
B. Iritis
C. Subconjunctival haemorrhage
D. Acute glaucoma
For each case below, choose the SINGLE most likely diagnosis from the above list of options.
1. A 55-year-old woman presents with an entirely red right eye. The iris is injected, and the pupil is fixed and dilated. The intraocular pressure is high.
2. A 20-year-old man presents with a non-tender red eye. On examination, the sclera is bright red with a white rim around the limbus. The iris, pupil, cornea, and intraocular pressure are normal.
3. A 33-year-old woman presents with a painful red eye. The conjunctival vessels are injected and blanch on pressure. The iris, pupil, cornea, and intraocular pressure are normal.
4. A 40-year-old man presents with redness most marked around the cornea. The colour does not blanch on pressure. The iris is injected, and the pupil is small and fixed. The cornea and intraocular pressure are normal.
5. A 20-year-old man with non-specific urethritis and seronegative arthritis is also noted to have red eye associated with Reiter’s syndrome.
Question 2: Diagnosis of eye problem
Options:
A. Proliferative retinopathy
B. Xanthelasma
C. Periorbital abscess
D. Amaurosis fugax
E. Corneal arcus
For each case below, choose the SINGLE most likely diagnosis from the above list of options.
1. A 65-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic is noted to have a white ring in his cornea surrounding his iris.
2. A 55-year-old man complains of “a curtain passing over his eyes”. Of note is the presence of carotid bruits on auscultation.
3. A 12-year-old boy, following an episode of sinusitis, complains of persistent pain behind the right eye with eyelid swelling, and diminished vision.
4. A 40-year-old woman complains of pruritis, jaundice, and finger clubbing. She also notes bright yellow plaques on her eyelids.
5. A 30-year-old man is noted to have rubeosis iridis, cotton wool spots, and cluster haemorrhages.
Question 3: Causes of visual disturbance
Options:
A) Multiple sclerosis
B) Horner’s syndrome
C) Neurosyphilis
D) Oculomotor nerve lesion
E) Abducens nerve lesion
For each case below, choose the SINGLE most likely cause from the above list of options.
1. A 40-year-old woman presents with blurry vision. On examination, when asked to look to her left, the left eye develops nystagmus, and the right eye fails to adduct. When asked to look to her right, the left eye fails to adduct.
2. A 30-year-old woman is noted to have a small, irregular pupil that is fixed to light but constricts on convergence. Her fasting blood glucose is 5 mmol/L.
3. A 24-year-old man presents with unilateral papillary constriction with slight ptosis and enophthalmos. He is noted to have a cervical rib on X-ray.
4. A 25-year-old man who has sustained head injury in an RTA presents with diplopia on lateral gaze. On examination, he has a convergent squint with diplopia when looking to the left side.
5. A 40-year-old diabetic man presents with a unilateral complete ptosis. The eye is noted to be facing down and out. The pupil is spared.
